The initial stages in assessing alternatives to dumping at sea should, as appropriate, include an evaluation of -
(a) the types, amounts and relative hazard of wastes generated;
(b) details of the production process and the sources of wastes within that process; and
(c) the feasibility of the following waste reduction or prevention techniques;
(i) product reformulation;
(ii) clean production technologies;
(iii) process modification;
(iv) input substitution; and
(v) on-site, closed-loop recycling.